Which equation embodies the laws of thermodynamics related to heat transfer?

The equation that embodies the laws of thermodynamics related to heat transfer is represented by Q = mcΔT. In this equation:

• Q stands for the amount of heat energy transferred.

• m is the mass of the substance being heated or cooled.

• c is the specific heat capacity of the material, which indicates how much heat is required to change the temperature of 1 kilogram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius.

• ΔT represents the change in temperature, calculated as the final temperature minus the initial temperature.

This equation is fundamental in thermodynamics as it quantitatively describes how heat energy is absorbed or released during temperature changes in a given mass of material. It is particularly useful in calculations involving heating or cooling processes where a substance experiences a temperature change.

The other options, while related to physical principles, do not specifically address heat transfer in the context of thermodynamics. For example, Q = PV relates to pressure and volume in gases, Q = mgh refers to gravitational potential energy, and Q = CV relates to a different thermodynamic property in specific contexts. Therefore, the chosen equation directly connects to the laws of thermodynamics concerning heat transfer.